You Searched For: viral+rna

Catalog Number: (10749-682)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: Akt1 Antibody: Akt1, initially identified as the cellular homolog to the retro-viral oncogene v-Akt, is part of the phosphatidyl 3'-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway that is activated by diverse cellular stimuli and regulates critical cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Following phosphorylation of the second messenger PIP2 by PI3K, Akt1 translocates to the cell membrane where it is activated by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase (PDK) 1 and PDK2. The active Akt1 is then able to phosphorylate and activate its substrates, including those that are important for cell proliferation and survival such as TOR and the Bcl-2 homolog Bad. Negative regulation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is mainly accomplished by the lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN which catalyzes the conversion of PIP3 to PIP2, thereby preventing the activation of Akt1. Inactivation of this gene often results in excessive Akt1 activity, often leading to the formation of malignant tumors.

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Catalog Number: (10293-356)

Supplier: Bioss

Description: FDPS is a 419 amino acid enzyme belonging to the FPP/GGPP synthetase family. Localized to cytoplasm and peroxisome, FDPS expression is regulated by phorbol esters and polyunsaturated fatty acids. FDPS assists in cholesterol biosynthesis, post-translational protein modifications and synthesis of steroid hormones in the isoprenoid pathway.FDPS catalyzes the formation of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), a precursor for several classes of essential metabolites including sterols, dolichols, carotenoids, and ubiquinones. FDPS is inactivated by interferon-induced RSAD2, which may result in the disruption of lipid rafts at the plasma membrane. Existing as a homodimer, FDPS may have anti-viral effects when inactivated by RSAD2. Reduced activity of FDPS in liver may partly be the cause of Zellweger syndrome and neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, both of which are known to be peroxisomal deficiency diseases.

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Catalog Number: (10748-652)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: IRF7 Antibody: Interferons (IFNs) are involved in a multitude of immune interactions during viral infections and play a major role in both the induction and regulation of innate and adaptive antiviral mechanisms. During infection, host-virus interactions signal downstream molecules such as transcription factors such as IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF3) which can act to stimulate transcription of IFN-a/b genes. IRF7 has been shown to play a role in the transcriptional activation of virus-inducible cellular genes, including interferon beta chain genes. IRF7 play a major role in the innate immune pathway, interacting with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor proteins MyD88 and Tirp/TRAM and functioning as an intermediate TLR4 and TLR9 signaling. There are at least four differentially spliced isoforms of IRF7, although their function has not been clearly established.

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Catalog Number: (89359-904)

Supplier: Genetex

Description: TLR3 is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This receptor is most abundantly expressed in placenta and pancreas, and is restricted to the dendritic subpopulation of the leukocytes. It recognizes dsRNA associated with viral infection, and induces the activation of NF kappaB and the production of type I interferons. It may thus play a role in host defense against viruses. Use of alternative polyadenylation sites to generate different length transcripts has been noted for this gene.

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Catalog Number: (10293-338)

Supplier: Bioss

Description: FDPS is a 419 amino acid enzyme belonging to the FPP/GGPP synthetase family. Localized to cytoplasm and peroxisome, FDPS expression is regulated by phorbol esters and polyunsaturated fatty acids. FDPS assists in cholesterol biosynthesis, post-translational protein modifications and synthesis of steroid hormones in the isoprenoid pathway.FDPS catalyzes the formation of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), a precursor for several classes of essential metabolites including sterols, dolichols, carotenoids, and ubiquinones. FDPS is inactivated by interferon-induced RSAD2, which may result in the disruption of lipid rafts at the plasma membrane. Existing as a homodimer, FDPS may have anti-viral effects when inactivated by RSAD2. Reduced activity of FDPS in liver may partly be the cause of Zellweger syndrome and neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, both of which are known to be peroxisomal deficiency diseases.

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Catalog Number: (10260-754)

Supplier: Bioss

Description: The RING-type zinc finger motif is present in a number of viral and eukaryotic proteins and is made of a conserved cysteine-rich domain that is able to bind two zinc atoms. Proteins that contain this conserved domain are generally involved in the ubiquitination pathway of protein degradation. RNF135 (RING finger protein 135), also known as L13, is a 432 amino acid protein that contains one RING-type zinc finger and one SPRY domain. Via its RING-type zinc finger, RNF135 may play a role in transcriptional regulation and protein degradation events. Defects in the gene encoding RNF135 are the cause of RNF135-related overgrowth syndrome which is characterized by learning disabilities, facial dysmorphism and increased weight and height. Multiple isoforms of RNF135 exist due to alternative splicing events.

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Catalog Number: (10751-320)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: IRF4 Antibody: Interferons (IFNs) are involved in a multitude of immune interactions during viral infections and play a major role in both the induction and regulation of innate and adaptive antiviral mechanisms. During infection, host-virus interactions signal downstream molecules such as transcription factors such as IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF3) which can act to stimulate transcription of IFN-alpha/beta genes. Another member, IRF7 has been shown to play a role in the transcriptional activation of virus-inducible cellular genes, including interferon beta chain genes. IRF4 expression is tightly regulated in resting primary T cells and plays an essential role in the homeostasis and function of mature lymphocytes. IRF4 is induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation and acts as a negative regulator of TLR signaling.

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Catalog Number: (MSPP-78193)

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Description: Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is composed of four α-helical bundles and primarily produced by natural killer T (NKT) cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, and Th17 cells (Spolski and Leonard 2008). IL-21 signals via heterodimers of the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) and the IL2RG-encoded common cytokine receptor γ-chain (Parrish-Novak <i>et al.</i>; Ozaki K <i>et al.</i> 2000), and utilizes the JAK/STAT, MAPK, and PI3K pathways (Spolski and Leonard 2014). IL-21 has been shown to have a critical role in regulating immunoglobulin production and differentiation of the pro-inflammatory Th17 population of cells (Ozaki <i>et al.</i> 2002; Nurieva <i>et al.</i>). Additionally, IL-21 specifically sustains CD8+ T cell effector activity and provides a mechanism of CD4+ T cell help during chronic viral infection (Elsaesser <i>et al.</i>). IL-21 signaling was also found critical for the development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice (Sutherland <i>et al.</i>) and control of T cell autoimmunity by regulatory B cells (Yoshizaki <i>et al.</i>). This product is animal component-free.

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Catalog Number: (103269-254)

Supplier: Novus Biologicals

Description: The EVI5L Antibody from Novus Biologicals is a rabbit polyclonal antibody to EVI5L. This antibody reacts with human. The EVI5L Antibody has been validated for the following applications: Immunohistochemistry, Immunocytochemistry / Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin.

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Catalog Number: (10749-926)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: SLPI Antibody: Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is produced at mucosal surfaces, primarily the upper respiratory tract and is thought to play an important role in the antiprotease defense mechanism of the lung. SLPI forms inhibitory complexes with numerous proteolytic enzymes such as neutrophil elastase, and has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and antibacterial activities. Its expression in oral epithelial cells is stimulated by HIV-1 gp120, suggesting that SLPI is a component of the oral mucosal response to HIV-1. In peripheral blood monocytes, SLPI can inhibit NF-kappa B activation by inhibiting Ikappa B degradation in the cytoplasm and competing for NF-kappa B binding sites in the nucleus. This attenuation of the inflammatory response may also act to suppress liver metastases and other cancer cell invasions, but promote blood-borne metastasis via an invasion-independent pathway.

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Catalog Number: (10072-554)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: KLF4 is a member of the Kruppel-like factor (KLF) family of zinc finger transcription factors. Members of this family have in common 3 contiguous C2H2-type zinc fingers at the carboxyl terminus that comprise the DNA-binding domain. KLF4 is highly expressed in skin and gut epithelial tissues, but is also found in various other cells and tissues, including vascular endothelial cells, lymphocytes, lung, and testis. It is an important regulator of the cell cycle, transcription, and cell differentiation. Together with Sox2, Oct4, and cMyc, KLF4 can induce the reprogramming of primary human fibroblasts to a pluripotent state. KLF4 and other transcription factors can be introduced into cells by DNA transfection, viral infection, or microinjection. Protein transduction using TAT fusion proteins represents an alternative methodology for introducing transcription factors into primary as well as transformed cells. Recombinant human KLF4-TAT is a 51.7 kDa protein containing 483 amino acid residues, including 13- residue C-terminal TAT peptide.

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Catalog Number: (76234-804)

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Description: Anti TNF alpha Antibody recognizes TNF alpha (TNF, cachexin, cachectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha or TNF-α) a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation. TNF alpha is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by other cell types as well. The primary role of TNF alpha is in the regulation of immune cells. TNFis an endogenous pyrogen that is able to induce fever, apoptotic cell death, sepsis (through IL-1 & IL-6 production), cachexia, inflammation, and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication. Dysregulation of TNF production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, cancer, major depression, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

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Catalog Number: (75930-630)

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Description: Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) were initially identified in baculoviruses as proteins that inhibit apoptosis of the host cells to allow time for viral replication. Cellular homologues containing at least one baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) motif essential for their anti-apoptosis activity have been identified in yeasts and higher organisms and often act by binding and inhibiting processed caspases. The activity of these proteins can be modulated by the expression of proteins such as Smac/DIABLO and XAF-1 which displace or prevent the binding of caspases by IAPs. Recently, a mitochondrial serine protease termed Omi/HtrA2 has been found to bind IAPs. Similar to Smac, Omi possesses a conserved IAP-binding motif, but acts to cleave IAPs to irreversibly inactivate IAPs and promote apoptosis.

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Catalog Number: (10068-700)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: Key regulator of entry into cell division that acts as a tumor suppressor. Acts as a transcription repressor of E2F1 target genes. The underphosphorylated, active form of RB1 interacts with E2F1 and represses its transcription activity, leading to cell cycle arrest. Directly involved in heterochromatin formation by maintaining overall chromatin structure and, in particular, that of constitutive heterochromatin by stabilizing histone methylation. Recruits and targets histone methyltransferases SUV39H1, SUV420H1 and SUV420H2, leading to epigenetic transcriptional repression. Controls histone H4 'Lys-20' trimethylation. Inhibits the intrinsic kinase activity of TAF1. In case of viral infections, interactions with SV40 large T antigen, HPV E7 protein or adenovirus E1A protein induce the disassembly of RB1-E2F1 complex thereby disrupting RB1's activity.

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Catalog Number: (75933-114)

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Description: TRIM30 belongs to a family of the tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, development, oncogenesis, apoptosis and antiviral responses. The TRIM protein family is an expanding family of RING ('really interesting new gene') proteins, also known as RBCC proteins as they contain an RBCC motif, which comprises a RING domain, one or two B-boxes and a predicted coiled-coil region. Studies have shown that some TRIM family members are critical to innate immunity; TRIM5, TRIM19 and TRIM25, for example, have been shown to restrict viral infection. A recent study shows that TRIM30 functions as a negative modulator of the TLR signaling pathway, by targeting TAB2 and TAB3, and contributes to the inhibition of TLR-mediated NF-kB activation. The importance of TRIM30 in the attenuation or termination of NF-kB activation suggests that targeting of TAB2 and TAB3 by TRIM30alpha may be a mechanism for modulating many types of immune responses.

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Catalog Number: (103258-962)

Supplier: Novus Biologicals

Description: The Lyn Antibody from Novus Biologicals is a rabbit polyclonal antibody to Lyn. This antibody reacts with human, mouse, rat. The Lyn Antibody has been validated for the following applications: Western Blot, Immunohistochemistry, Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin.

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