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Description: RANKL and RANK are members of the TNF superfamily of ligands and receptors that play an important role in the regulation of specific immunity and bone turnover. RANK (receptor) was originally identified as a dendritic cell-membrane protein, which, by interacting with RANKL, augments the ability of dendritic cells. These dendritic cells then stimulate naïve T-cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction, promote the survival of RANK + T-cells, and regulate T-cell-dependent immune response. RANKL, which is expressed in a variety of cells, including osteoblasts, fibroblasts, activated T-cells and bone marrow stromal cells, is also capable of interacting with a decoy receptor called OPG. Binding of soluble OPG to sRANKL inhibits osteoclastogenesis by interrupting the signaling between stromal cells and osteoclastic progenitor cells, thereby leading to excess accumulation of bone and cartilage. Recombinant Murine sRANK Ligand is a 19.4 kDa polypeptide comprising the TNF-homologous region of RANKL (174 amino acid residues).

Catalog Number: 10770-924

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: Slit2 is a member of the Slit family that signals through the Roundabout (Robo) receptor as a repellent for axon guidance and neuronal migration, and also acts as a chemoattractant to vascular endothelial cells and a chemotaxis inhibitor for leukocytes. Slit2 is expressed primarily in the fetal lung, kidney, and adult spinal cord, and to a lesser extent in the adult adrenal gland, thyroid and trachea. Slit2 is initially synthesized as a 1499 amino acid precursor, which is subsequently cleaved into N-terminal and C-terminal fragments, designated as Slit2-N and Slit2-C respectively. The neurodevelopment-related activities, as measured by the ability to repel olfactory bulb axons and to induce branching in dorsal root ganglia axons, are contained only in the N-terminal fragment. Recombinant Human Slit2-N is a 1093 amino acid glycoprotein corresponding to the N-terminal portion of the full length Slit2 precursor, and has a calculated, theoretical molecular weight of 122.35 kDa. Due to glycosylation Slit2-N migrates at an apparent molecular weight of approximately 120.0-140.0 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions.

Catalog Number: 10779-520

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: PDGFs are disulfide-linked dimers consisting of two 12.0-13.5 kDa polypeptide chains, designated PDGF-A and PDGF-B chains. The three naturally occurring PDGFs, PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB, are potent mitogens for a variety of cell types, including smooth muscle cells, connective tissue cells, bone and cartilage cells, and some blood cells. The PDGFs are stored in platelet alpha-granules, and are released upon platelet activation. The PDGFs are involved in a number of biological processes, including hyperplasia, chemotaxis, embryonic neuron development, and respiratory tubule epithelial cell development. Two distinct signaling receptors used by PDGFs have been identified and named PDGFR-alpha and PDGFR-beta. PDGFR-alpha is a high-affinity receptor for each of the three PDGF forms. On the other hand, PDGFR-beta interacts with only PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB. Recombinant Human PDGF-AA is a 28.5 kDa disulfide-linked homodimer of two A chains (250 total amino acids).

Catalog Number: 76081-524

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: The three mammalian isoforms of TGF-beta, TGF-beta1, beta2, and beta3, signal through the same receptor and elicit similar biological responses. They are multifunctional cytokines that regulate cell proliferation, growth, differentiation and motility, as well as synthesis and deposition of the extracellular matrix. They are involved in various physiological processes, including embryogenesis, tissue remodeling and wound healing. They are secreted predominantly as latent complexes, which are stored at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. The release of the biologically active TGF-beta isoform from a latent complex involves proteolytic processing of the complex and/or induction of conformational changes by proteins such as thrombospondin-1. The physiological role of TGF-beta3 is still unknown, but its expression pattern suggests a role in the regulation of certain development processes. Recombinant Human TGF-beta3 is a 25.0 kDa protein composed of two identical 112 amino acid polypeptide chains linked by a single disulfide bond.

Catalog Number: 76303-590

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: Oncostatin M (OSM) is a growth and differentiation factor that participates in the regulation of neurogenesis, osteogenesis and hematopoiesis. Produced by activated T cells, monocytes and Kaposi’s sarcoma cells, OSM can exert both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on cell proliferation. It stimulates the proliferation of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and Kaposi’s sarcoma cells, but inhibits the growth of some normal and tumor cell lines. It also promotes cytokine release (e.g. IL-6, GM-CSF and G-CSF) from endothelial cells, and enhances the expression of low-density lipoprotein receptors in hepatoma cells. OSM shares several structural and functional characteristics with LIF, IL-6, and CNTF. Human OSM is active on murine cells. The human OSM gene encodes for a 252 amino acid polypeptide, containing 25 amino acid signal sequence for secretion and a 227 precursor protein. Proteolytic processing of this precursor removes an 18 amino acid C-terminal peptide, and generates the mature OSM form. Recombinant Human Oncostatin M is a 23.6 kDa protein, containing 209 amino acid residues.

Catalog Number: 10773-536

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: Activin A is a TGF-β family member that exhibits a wide range of biological activities, including regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation, and promotion of neuronal survival. Elevated levels of Activin A in human colorectal tumors and in postmenopausal women have been implicated in colorectal and breast cancers, respectively. The biological activities of Activin A can be neutralized by inhibins and by the diffusible TGF-β antagonist, follistatin. Activin A binds to the two forms of activin receptor type I (Act RI-A and Act RI-B) and two forms of activin receptor type II (Act RII-A and Act RII-B). Activins are homodimers or heterodimers of different β subunits. They are produced as precursor proteins with an amino terminal propeptide that is cleaved to release the C-terminal bioactive ligand. Recombinant Human/Murine/Rat Activin A is a 26.0 kDa disulfide-linked homodimer of two βA chains, each containing 116 amino acid residues.

Catalog Number: 10772-512

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: SCF is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity by signaling through the c-Kit receptor. SCF and c-Kit are essential for the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells committed to the melanocyte and germ cell lineages. Human SCF manifests low activity on murine cells, while murine and rat SCF are fully active on human cells. The human SCF gene encodes for a 273 amino acid transmembrane protein, which contains a 25 amino acid N-terminal signal sequence, a 189 amino acid extracellular domain, a 23 amino acid transmembrane domain, and a 36 amino acid cytoplasmic domain. The secreted soluble form of SCF is generated by proteolytic processing of the membrane anchored precursor. Recombinant Human SCF is an 18.4 kDa polypeptide containing 165 amino acid residues, which corresponds to the sequence of the secreted soluble form of SCF. Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Catalog Number: 10778-620

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: Adiponectin is an adipose-derived secreted protein containing 236 amino acid residues. It is relatively abundant in humans and rodents, accounting for about 0.01% of total plasma protein. The circulating levels of adiponectin are decreased under conditions of obesity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes. Disruption of adiponectin in mice causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation. Conversely, administration of recombinant adiponectin suppresses hepatic glucose production, and reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. The protective role of adiponectin is attributed to its anti-inflammatory properties (e.g. ability to suppress expression of TNF-α and class A scavenger receptor in macrophages). Recombinant Human Adiponectin is a multimeric glycoprotein containing amino acids Val-21 to Asn-247 of the adiponectin precursor protein fused to an N-terminal histidine tag. Monomeric glycosylated adiponectin migrates at an apparent molecular weight of approximately 35.0 kDa by SDS PAGE analysis under reducing conditions. The calculated molecular weight of Recombinant Murine Adiponectin is 25.8 kDa.

Catalog Number: 10774-376

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: Members of the Hedgehog (Hh) family are highly conserved proteins that are widely represented throughout the animal kingdom. The three known mammalian Hh proteins, Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh) and Indian (Ihh), are structurally related, and share a high degree of amino acid sequence identity (e.g. Shh and Ihh are 93% identical). The biologically active form of each Hh molecule is obtained by autocatalytic cleavage of their precursor proteins, and each corresponds to approximately one half of the N-terminal portion of the precursor molecule. Although Hh proteins have unique expression patterns and distinct biological roles within their respective regions of secretion, they use the same signaling pathway and can be substituted for one another in experimental systems. Recombinant Murine Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is a 20.0 kDa protein consisting of 176 amino acid residues, including an N-terminal Ile-Val-Ile sequence substituted for the naturally occurring, chemically modified Cys residue.

Catalog Number: 10780-814

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: IL-21 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by CD4+ T cells in response to antigenic stimulation. Its action generally enhances antigen-specific responses of immune cells. The biological effects of IL-21 include: inducing the differentiation of T-cell-stimulated B-cells into plasma cells and memory B-cells; the stimulation of IgG production in conjunction with IL-4; and the induction of apoptotic effects in naïve B-cells and stimulated B-cells in the absence of T-cell signaling. Additionally, IL-21 promotes the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T-cells and NK cells. IL-21 exerts its effect through binding to a specific type I cytokine receptor, IL-21R, which also contains the γ chain (γc) found in other cytokine receptors, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9 and IL-15. The IL-21/IL-21R interaction triggers a cascade of events, which includes activation of the tyrosine kinases JAK1 and JAK3, followed by activation of the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT3. Recombinant Human IL-21 is a 15.4 kDa protein consisting of 132 amino acid residues.

Catalog Number: 10778-378

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: TNF-α is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by various cells, including adipocytes, activated monocytes, macrophages, B cells, T cells and fibroblasts. It belongs to the TNF family of ligands, and signals through two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNF-α is cytotoxic to a wide variety of tumor cells, and is an essential factor in mediating the immune response against bacterial infections. TNF-α also plays a role in the induction of septic shock, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation, and diabetes. Human and murine TNF-α demonstrate significant cross-species reactivity. TNF-α exists in two forms; a type II transmembrane protein, and a mature soluble protein. The TNF-α transmembrane protein is proteolitically cleaved to yield a soluble, biologically active, 17 kDa TNF-α, which forms a non-covalently linked homotrimer in solution. Recombinant Human TNF-α is a soluble 157 amino acid protein (17.4 kDa) which corresponds to C-terminal extracellular domain of the full length transmembrane protein.

Catalog Number: 10778-516

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: PDGFs are disulfide-linked dimers consisting of two 12.0-13.5 kDa polypeptide chains, designated PDGF-A and PDGF-B chains. The three naturally occurring PDGFs, PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB, are potent mitogens for a variety of cell types, including smooth muscle cells, connective tissue cells, bone and cartilage cells, and some blood cells. The PDGFs are stored in platelet α-granules, and are released upon platelet activation. The PDGFs are involved in a number of biological processes, including hyperplasia, chemotaxis, embryonic neuron development, and respiratory tubule epithelial cell development. Two distinct signaling receptors used by PDGFs have been identified and named PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β. PDGFR-α is high-affinity receptor for each of the three PDGF forms. On the other hand, PDGFR-β interacts with only PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB. Recombinant Human PDGF-AA is a 28.5 kDa disulfide-linked homodimer of two α chains (250 total amino acids).

Catalog Number: 10771-708

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: Proteases (also called Proteolytic Enzymes, Peptidases, or Proteinases) are enzymes that hydrolyze the amide bonds within proteins or peptides. Most proteases act in a specific manner, hydrolyzing bonds at, or adjacent to specific residues or a specific sequence of residues contained within the substrate protein or peptide. Proteases play an important role in most diseases and biological processes, including prenatal and postnatal development, reproduction, signal transduction, the immune response, various autoimmune and degenerative diseases, and cancer. They are also an important research tool, frequently used in the analysis and production of proteins. Furin is a calcium-dependent serine endoprotease that processes numerous proproteins of different secretory pathways into their mature forms by cleaving at the carboxyl side of the recognition sequence, R-Xaa-(K/R)-R, where Xaa can be any amino acid. Recombinant Human Furin is a 63.9 kDa protein, corresponding to residues 131 through 715 of the Furin precursor, plus a C-terminal His-tag.

Catalog Number: 10781-382

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: RANKL and RANK are members of the TNF superfamily of ligands and receptors that play an important role in the regulation of specific immunity and bone turnover. RANK (receptor) was originally identified as a dendritic cell-membrane protein, which, by interacting with RANKL, augments the ability of dendritic cells. These dendritic cells then stimulate naïve T-cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction, promote the survival of RANK + T-cells, and regulate T-cell-dependent immune response. RANKL, which is expressed in a variety of cells, including osteoblasts, fibroblasts, activated T-cells and bone marrow stromal cells, is also capable of interacting with a decoy receptor called OPG. Binding of soluble OPG to sRANKL inhibits osteoclastogenesis by interrupting the signaling between stromal cells and osteoclastic progenitor cells, thereby leading to excess accumulation of bone and cartilage. Recombinant Rat sRANK Ligand is a 19.4 kDa polypeptide comprising the TNF homologous region of RANKL (174 amino acid residues).

Catalog Number: 10771-044

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: Defensins (alpha and beta) are cationic peptides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity that comprise an important arm of the innate immune system. The α-defensins are distinguished from the β-defensins by the pairing of their three disulfide bonds. To date, six human β-defensins have been identified; BD-1, BD-2, BD-3, BD-4, BD-5 and BD-6. β-defensins are expressed on some leukocytes and at epithelial surfaces. In addition to their direct antimicrobial activities, they can act as chemoattractants towards immature dendritic cells and memory T cells. The β-defensin proteins are expressed as the C-terminal portion of precursors, and are released by proteolytic cleavage of a signal sequence and, in some cases, a propeptide sequence. β-defensins contain a six-cysteine motif that forms three intra-molecular disulfide bonds. BD-4 is expressed in the testes, stomach, uterus, neutrophils, thyroid, lungs and kidneys. In addition to its direct antimicrobial activities, BD-4 is chemoattractant towards human blood monocytes. Recombinant Human BD-4 is a 6.0 kDa protein containing 50 amino acid residues.

Catalog Number: 10774-108

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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Description: GDNF is a disulfide-linked, homodimeric neurotrophic factor structurally related to Artemin, Neurturin and Persephin. These proteins belong to the cysteine-knot superfamily of growth factors that assume stable dimeric protein structures. GDNF signals through a multicomponent receptor system, composed of a RET and one of the four GFRα (α1-α4) receptors. GDNF specifically promotes dopamine uptake and survival, and morphological differentiation of midbrain neurons. Using a Parkinson’s disease mouse model, GDNF has been shown to improve conditions such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. The functional murine GDNF ligand is a disulfide-linked homodimer consisting of two 15.1 kDa polypeptide chains called monomers. Each monomer contains seven conserved cysteine residues, including Cys-101, which is used for inter-chain disulfide bridging, and others that are involved in the intramolecular ring formation known as the cysteine knot configuration. The calculated molecular weight of Recombinant Murine GDNF is 30.2 kDa.

Catalog Number: 10781-870

Supplier: PeproTech, Inc.

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